Glossary

302/304: Grade of stainless steel. Strong and durable under water.

316L: Grade of stainless steel. A bit softer than the 302/304 grade, due to lower carbon contents, yet even more durable under water during electrolysis for the very same reason. We use 316L for our anode (see def.) to prevent fast oxidation by the electrolysis (see def.) process. Oxidation corrodes only the anode, since it is always surrounded by oxygen during electrolysis.

AC: Alternating current. Electrical energy (electrical current, voltage) which alternates cyclically between positive and negative in polarity.

Acetone: A highly flammable, colorless solvent. Also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, and other names. It is readily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent (actually the strongest consumer-grade solvent available to us). Its most familiar household use is as the active ingredient in nail polish remover. Also used to make plastic, fibers, drugs and other chemicals. A MAJOR FUEL SAVING ADDITIVE AND IS THEREFORE THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF OUR FUEL ADDITIVE COMBOS.

Ampere (amp): A measure for electrical flow. How many electrical particles flowing in a conductor (wire, resistor, etc) per unit of time.

AMSoil: A manufacturer of high quality motor oils, filters and additives.

Anode: The positive-charged pole (wire or plate) in an electrolyzer (see def.) or battery. The electrode with the positive voltage. In an electrolyzer, this is where the oxygen is being produced.

Atom: Once thought to be the smallest part of an element or substance. Today we know it's not so - it is made of “sub-atomic particles” such as electrons - that can probably be broken down further.

Atomize: Making liquid or substance into a mist.

AXG7: Our abbreviation of Acetone-Xylene-GP-7 (GP-7 is a racing lubricant by Torco). Blended in correct ratios, it is a powerful fuel additive you can make yourself.

AXG7-TS: (AXG7-Teaspoon) A more economical version of AXG7, where only one teaspoon of the racing lubricant GP-7 is blended with acetone and xylene.

BB: Ball Bearing. Sometimes refers to ammunition of BB guns, but can also mean steel balls from a mechanical source such as a ball bearing device for shafts.

Bio fuel or Biofuel: Fuel (for transportation, in our case) made from “biomass” - biological sources such as corn or wood that have completed their life cycle; environment friendly. Biofuel could be liquid, gas or solid.

Blow by (gas): Gases that skip past the piston rings in an engine; normally routed back into the intake via the PCV valve.

Boric acid: Also called boracic acid, orthoboric acid or hydrogen orthoborate. It is a chemical compound, a mild acid often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, and a component of other chemical compounds. It exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder and dissolves in water.

Brown's Gas: A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The product of an Electrolyzer. Two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen plus some water moisture. Named after Prof. Yull Brown but goes by many other names: Rhode’s Gas, after it earlier researcher, Dr. William A. Rhodes; also called HHO (Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Oxygen), hydroxy, oxyhydrogen, green gas, di-hydroxy, watergas or water gas, waterfuel or water fuel, etc. In Korea they call it Brown Gas. Korea by the way has very good technology of HHO generators for industry. Brown's Gas is great not only for supplemental fuel for engines, but also good for cutting metal, soldering, brazing (joining metals at high temperatures), as well as the welding of various metals inexpensively (compared to the commonly used welding with acetylene).

BTU (British Thermal Unit): A unit commonly used to measure heat energy; the amount needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Bubbler: A safety-enhancing device (or part of a device) to bubble air through water in an electrolyzer.

CAN: Controller Area Network. From 2008 onward it is the mandatory vehicle control system that replaces OBD-II (On-Board Diagnostic, see def.) in all new vehicles. CAN is a general term - the specific system that will be used is titled 'ISO 15765-4'.

Carb: Carburetor.

Carbon Monoxide: A gas produced by incomplete combustion of organic materials. Highly poisonous; flammable gas - burns with a blue flame.

Carbon: The element upon which all organic molecules are based. Carbon has an atomic weight of 12.00, and occurs elementally in these forms: diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon such as coal or carbon black.

Catalyst: A material used to induce or enhance the chemical reaction between other materials without being changed in the process.

Cathode: The negative-charged pole (wire, plate) in an electrolyzer or battery. The electrode with the negative voltage. In an electrolyzer, this is where the hydrogen is being produced.

Cell (or Electrolyzer cell): Defined as one unit in an electrolysis system (a series of individual cells). By a certain arrangement of electrodes (when plates are used), a single device can have several cells. In Water4Gas electrolyzers where electrodes are spiraled to save energy, each device (one jar) would constitute one cell.

Combo: Slang for 'Combination' or in other words a popular formula.

Conductor: An electrical conductor such as wire or metal plate, that allows an electric current to flow through it.

Conservation: Various techniques and methods to use less energy, either by utilizing more efficient technologies or by reducing wasteful ones (including wasteful habits).

Current: (in electricity) the movement of electrons through a conductor. Measured in Amperes. If for instance the conductor is copper, “electrons” are those particles of the copper atoms, which are leaving their place and moving along between other atoms in the copper.

D17: Refers to document D17.pdf written by Patrick Kelly titled “Dealing with the Vehicle Computer”. Is available to Water4Gas members via the Members Lounge and can also be found on the Internet (search Google for “Dealing with the Vehicle Computer” WITH the quote marks).

def: definition.

DC: Direct current. Electrical energy (electrical current, voltage) which does not alternate in polarity, in other words it keeps its positive and negative; and is also somewhat “stable”, in other words it doesn't pulse. Even if it changes all the time, it could still be called DC if it has those characteristics.

DEMSE: Dual-Edge MAP Sensor Enhancer. A dual-knob device to adjust mixture.

Distilled water: Water that has been “purified” of its contaminants, acids and minerals such as salt. Rain water are not distilled water.

DOSE: Digital Oxygen Sensor Enhancer. The device described in D17 (see def.)

DPDT: Double Pole, Double Throw. Switch type that can switch two circuits separately (that's the “double pole”), and is capable of making an electrical connection in each of its “throws” (sides of its motion).

ECU: Engine Control Unit. Your car's computer. It's the heart of the engine management system in a modern car, collecting many inputs from sensors around the car and controlling all functions of the engine such as fuel injection and heat management.

Efficiency: The ratio of total output power to input power expressed as a percentage. A numerical expression of the ratio between waste and actual work done. For example a low-efficiency car engine uses most of its input to produce heat, noise and vibration, rather than forward motion.

EFI: Electronic Fuel Injection. The modern science of wasting gasoline.

EFIE: Electronic Fuel Injection Enhancer, a device to correct the stoichiometric (see def.) level programmed into a car in order to accommodate waterfuel technology. Manufactured exclusively by Eagle Research (www.Eagle-Research.com)

Electrode: A conductor (such as metal wire or plate) which dips into an electrolyte and allows the current (electrons) to flow to and from the electrolyte.

Electrolysis: When a direct current is passed through a liquid which contains ions (an electrolyte), chemical changes occur at the two electrodes; usually a separation of oxygen from hydrogen or other substances it is chemically bonded with. In our case the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Electrolyte: A mixture of catalyst and water in an electrolyzer. We sometimes refer to the catalyst as electrolyte. That's a common mistake – the catalyst in our case would be the Sodium Bicarbonate (“baking soda”) and the electrolyte would be the solution, or the mixture of Sodium Bicarbonate and water.

Electrolyzer cell: A single cell in an electrolyzer: an anode and a cathode immersed in an electrolyte. An electrolyzer can have one cell or many. Also see 'cell'.

Electrolyzer: A device or machine that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen thus producing Brown's Gas. A common misnomer is “hydrogen generator”; sometimes called “cell”, as in 'Joe cell'.

Electron: Part of an atom - a negatively charged particle that can leave the atom or be added to it, thus changing its “electrical charge” to negative or positive.

Emissions: Let's not go into science formulas here. I'll give you a very simple definition: If it stinks – it's emissions. Harmful emissions. There are emissions that are so called “odorless”, but that is a misleading concept because the body senses it one way or another. Yes, we have become numb to harmful, very hostile emissions. But see, a hungry yet healthy cat will not touch a spoiled fish, even if you can't smell anything “fishy”. Old-school chefs will give a piece of the day's fish to the house cat. If the cat sniffs it but won't touch it, the fish goes to the garbage. Now if you would thoroughly cleanse your body and move to a very clean village up the mountains for a while, immediately after your return (for possibly a short while before you become numb again) you'll be able to sniff all those “odorless” harmful emissions! Standards of government-permissible emissions are way too high health-wise, they are hostile to life and we should not agree with those anymore!

Energy: The capacity to do mechanical (such as motion) or electrical work (such as heating).

Ethanol: Also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound, and is best known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Produced today from corn as a common fuel additive, enforced on drivers across the USA and other locations as an “improvement” to gasoline. It is very bad both for gas economy of the individual AND to national economy, since its low energy efficiency requires us to import MORE petroleum for every gallon ethanol of we use. PER GALLON, IT HAS ONLY 2/3 OF THE ENERGY OF GASOLINE. Find all the (stinking) facts about ethanol by visiting www.zFacts.com

Farad (F): A unit of capacitance.

FE: Fuel Economy.

Free energy: Energy you did not have to pay for. It's a common concept that free energy is impossible. Yet if a paid-for instrument, or just a change of usage to an existing instrument brings you an energy or extra energy you don't have to pay for, then IN THE BOTTOM LINE or in other words after your cost has been paid for, then this is considered free energy. All 'free energy methods and devices are based on this same basic principle. Solar energy is one good example. Another example is water4Gas technology – our “free energy” comes simply and directly from REDUCTION OF WASTE. Since we have oceans of water, any energy derived CHEAPLY from water is considered free, economically speaking. If you have been conditioned to believe that free energy is not possible, change your thinking about it and you'll see many instances and opportunities of free energy.

Fuel cell: A device which produces electricity by using fuel (such as hydrogen) and a chemical which reacts with it at two electrical terminals, thus producing electric energy that can be used to drive a car or do other useful work.

Fuel efficiency: Defined by the amount of work (how much motion, in the case of cars, or how many hours of operation for a lawnmower or generator) can be obtained for the amount of fuel we put in. Commonly called 'Fuel Economy' and measured by miles per gallon or kilometers per litre.

Fuel: Any substance (liquid, solid or gas) that releases its stored heat energy and turns it into actual heat and motion energy, when treated in a certain way such as by burning or by combustion in an engine. When the fuel is burned it is destroyed and leaves us with problematic pollutants. In this regard (harmful by-products of fuel burning), water is not “fuel” because when “burned” it reverts back to water vapor and oxygen that feeds back into the atmosphere.

Generator: A common misnomer for an electrolyzer, as in “hydrogen generator”. When mentioned in Water4Gas literature, we refer to stationary engines that are used to convert gasoline to other types of energy, usually electricity.

Global warming: Gradual warming of a planet (in our case, Mother Earth) said to be due to the "greenhouse effect" of pollution in the atmosphere.

GP-7: An advanced fuel additive for 2-stroke engines, by Torco Racing Fuels, Inc.

GPH: Gallons Per Hour.

Green Gas: Another name for Brown's Gas.

GST: Gas Saving Technique for vehicles using WATER or Hydrogen-On-Demand . GST's are a set of methods, devices and additives all working together to maximize your fuel economy, while also minimizing harmful emissions resulting from poor engine design and inefficient use.

HHO: Hydrogen+Hydrogen+Oxygen. The product of splitting water (H2O) into its components. Common name for Brown’s Gas.

HOD: Hydrogen On Demand. A system to generate hydrogen on board the vehicle without storing any of it.

Hydrocarbons: Fuels which, as the name implies, contain primarily hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrogen: The lightest and most abundant element. A gaseous diatomic element (in simple words: gas that always has particles in pairs). The atom consists of one proton and one electron.

Hydroxy: Another name for Brown's Gas.

ICE: Internal Combustion Engine. The most common type of engine in cars, trucks, boats, motorcycles, tractors, light airplanes, generators and lawn mowers for the past 200 years.

Ion: An atomic particle that is electrically charged, either negatively or positively.

Iron: The most widely used metal. Not very useful in its pure state since it rusts and is too soft; therefore we use it as part of steel -, in various combinations with carbon, nickel and other substances that enhance its durability and range of possible uses.

Joe Cell: Type of electrolyzer constructed of a series stainless steel tubing, one inside the other. Powerful yet relatively expensive and hard to replicate. Some people such as Bill Williams claimed to have run a vehicle exclusively on a Joe cell.

Knocking: Also called “pinging” - banging noise in the engine, caused by improper combustion.

kWh: Kilowatt hour(s).

Lean (mixture): Less fuel and more air in the air/fuel mixture. In accordance with common wisdom (the “wisdom” of modern automakers) the mixture should be ideal at 14.7 parts air to 1 part gasoline. But in actual fact it can be as lean as 100:1 or more.

LED: Light Emitting Diode.

Lye: Sodium hydroxide, known as caustic soda. A strong solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide. Dangerous material used in making of hair relaxers and soaps. A common catalyst used in electrolyzers. Quite toxic, has user friendly alternatives.

MAF: Mass Air Flow. One of the inputs the ECU takes into consideration when determining the amount of fuel to be injected into the engine.

MAP sensor: Manifold Air Pressure sensor.

Methane: Natural gas or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

mH: mill Henry.

Mileage Seekers or MPG Seekers: Vehicle users of all walks of life who like to tinker with their vehicles, their driving habits – or both in many cases – in order to maximize fuel economy.

Mixture: Air-to-fuel ratio.

Molecule: Compound of two or more atoms, the smallest independent unit of chemical compounds.

MPG: Miles Per Gallon. The most common expression of fuel economy, the higher the better.

mV: milliVolts.

Naphtha: Am ambiguous term which may mean high flash naphtha (mineral spirits), or low flash naphtha (petroleum, ether, low boiling ligroin which is a refined hydrocarbon petroleum fraction used mainly as a laboratory solvent) or something altogether different. Flash point and explosive limits vary. The term naphtha is so ambiguous that it should not be used.

Neutral coasting; or just 'coasting': Fuel-saving technique of putting the vehicle in neutral to coast down a hill.

Neutron: One of the particles found in the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen; considered to have no electrical charge but I suspect that this concept is going to change soon.

nF: Nano-farad. The farad is a unit of capacitance.

Nitrogen: An odorless, gaseous element that makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere, and is a constituent of all living tissue. It is almost inert (limited in ability to react chemically) in its gaseous form.

NOx: Gases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants. [EPA]

Nuclear fission: Splitting atoms in a process that releases energy.

Nucleus: That part of an atom where the mass is concentrated (while the electrons are running like crazy around it). Contains protons, neutrons and table salt. No...just kidding... only protons and neutrons!

O2: Oxygen.

Octane rating: A number representing the ability of gasoline to control predetonation, in other words its anti-knock capability; not necessarily a better fuel for a certain job.

Odometer: Mileage or kilometer gauge.

OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer.

On board: Mounted on (or in) a vehicle.

On-Board Diagnostics, or OBD: A generic term referring to a vehicle's selfdiagnostic and reporting capability. OBD systems give the vehicle owner or a repair technician access to state of health information for various vehicle sub-systems. We refer to it as a generic term for the entire “program” running the vehicle, including its usage of energy in various conditions. While there are differences between vehicles, OBD-I generally refers to pre-1996 vehicles and the more advanced (and more pervasive) system OBD-II refers to models 1996 and newer. In models 2008 it is called CAN (see def.)

Orgone: The cosmic life force. The creative force in this universe. It comes from us living beings, not from stones and dead wood. It creates and controls everything else.

Over Unity, or OU: Trying to overcome the “unity” principle in which the energy we get out of a machine or process equals, in a perfect state, to the energy we feed into the machine or process. It is a misleading term because when we think of over-unity we tend to forget that a small match can light up a huge fire. When teachers and socalled “scientists” try to limit our scope of thinking into looking at the match as the only thing in the process, they are make us think that there is no connection between things, energies and living beings. The truth is that everything is connected, and also – this is not widely known – the true source of energy is living beings, not the physical universe. While I may store some old decaying energy, it's definitely not the source. OU is a limiting force in the energy research, and should be canceled.

Oxygen sensor or O2 sensor: An electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. Used in science labs. In modern vehicles it is a small sensor inserted into the exhaust system to measure the concentration of oxygen remaining in the exhaust gas to allow an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the combustion process in the engine. A side effect of oxygen sensors is that they can prevent fuel-saving technologies which create a lean fuel-air mixture from working. If the engine burns too lean due to any modifications (such as adding oxygen from an electrolyzer), the sensor will detect the mixture as being too lean, and the engine computer will adjust the injector pulse duration, so that the air-fuel mixture continues to stay within the stoichiometric (see def.) ratio of 14.7:1 on a typical vehicle. There are ways that the oxygen sensor can be overcome. Sometimes, a device can be inserted inline with the sensor, which tricks the engine computer into thinking the mixture is stoichiometric, when actually it is either rich, or lean, and therefore, this modification will not be automatically corrected by the oxygen sensor. [source: Wikipedia]

Oxygen: A non-metallic gaseous element that makes up 21% of the atmosphere.

Oxyhydrogen or oxy-hydrogen: Another name for Brown's Gas.

PAK: Practical Application Kit. Also known as Membership Kit. An experimental HOD (see def.) system and informational pack.

PCV valve: Positive Crankcase Ventilation valve, a one-way valve that ensures continual refreshment of the air inside a gasoline internal combustion engine's crankcase.

PCV: Positive Crankcase Ventilation, a system using a PCV valve (see Def.) to evacuate gases and moisture from the crankcase of an internal combustion engine.

Petrol: A mixture of various hydrocarbons used as a fuel.

pH (from potential of Hydrogen): A scale from 0 to 14, used for measuring acidity or alkalinity, where a number greater than 7 is more basic, less than 7 is more acidic - and 7 is neutral.

Ping or pinging: Also called “knocking” - banging noise in the engine, caused by improper combustion.

Proton: A positively charged particle, part of the nucleus of the atom.

PV: Photovoltaic; producing of electricity from light.

Renewable energy (devices, sources): Energy from sources that cannot be used up because they always renew themselves: sunshine (solar collectors), wind (turbines), water motion (turbines hooked to a river, dam or ocean waves/tides). Some define it as any source of energy that has an entire life-and-regrowth cycle of up to a 100 years, such as cutting trees for energy.

Rich (mixture): More fuel and less air in the air/fuel mixture. In accordance with common wisdom (the “wisdom” of modern automakers) the mixture should be ideal at 14.7 parts air to 1 part gasoline. But in actual fact it can be as lean as 100:1 or more. Therefore ANY number beyond the very minimum that is needed can be considered “rich”. I know it's not “conventional wisdom” but in a decaying planet we must try to prevent ANY waste of energy, even a drop adds up to a river.

Rubber: A natural polymer (a polymer is a large organic molecule formed by combining many smaller molecules in a regular, repeated pattern). Rubber is a hydrocarbon and also a good insulator.

ScanGuage-II: The most popular scanner (see def.) between “mileage seekers” due to its ease of use and its capability to display instant or averaged MPG, between many other codes and vehicle conditions such as temperature.

Scanner: An electronic device, usually handheld, that reads and sometimes reprograms vehicle computer error codes.

Short (circuit): Electricity taking a “shortcut” due to a (greatly) reduced resistance than the proper path, resulting in very high (and uncontrolled) electrical current. Usually ends up in fire or severe damage.

Sodium hydroxide: NaOH, lye. A common catalyst used in electrolyzers. Quite toxic, has user friendly alternatives.

Solar cell/panel, Solar thermal energy systems: Devices, cells/panels or complete systems that converts solar energy (actually any light energy) into electrical energy.

Solar electricity: Electrical energy produced directly by solar cells/panels.

Solar heating: Methods and devices which derive and control heat directly from the sun. Such as a picnic solar cooker.

SPDT: Single Pole, Double Throw. Switch type that can switch one circuit (hence “single pole”), and is capable of making an electrical connection in each of its “throws” (sides of its motion).

Specific gravity: The ratio of the density of a material to the density of water (assigned a value of 1).

Spiral: a coiled shape, like the thread of a screw or like a coil spring. The difference between 'coil' and 'spiral' is that a coil can be winding upon itself, but a spiral is spread out through space. When an electric current is flowing in a spiral conductor (wire), it creates a magnetic vortex (rapidly spinning flow, like a whirlpool).

SSO: An advanced fuel additive for snow mobiles, by Torco Racing Fuels, Inc.

Steel: An alloy (combination of metals and/or minerals) which contains iron as the main constituent.

Stoichiometric: Describing a (fuel/air) mixture of “proper” proportions. According to automotive conventional wisdom it should be 14.7:1 but in actual fact these are arbitrary numbers. A car can drive just as nicely on 25:1. In fact if you were to design it in a slightly different way, its so-called “Stoichiometric” balance would now be 25:1 (for example).

Suspension, suspended: A mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy (upward force on an immersed object). Solids neither dissolve in the liquid nor sink to the bottom.

Synergistic: The simultaneous action of separate things that have a greater total effect than the sum of their individual effect.

Synthetic: Man-made, not from natural sources. Actually we're using this word incorrectly when we speak about synthetic oils for example. Synthetic comes from synthesis, which means combining several sources into one product. Like a musical synthesizer that combines individual sounds to one music. So blending of corn oil and peanut oil could be called synthetic. But in the automotive industry today it is used to describe materials that are a combination of non-natural substances.

Thermal Runaway: Happens in electrolyzers refers to a situation where an increase in temperature changes the conditions in a way that causes a further increase in temperature leading to a destructive result.

Thermocouple: Two different pieces of metal, welded/bonded together. Electricity can be produced by heating one element and cooling the other.

Torco: A manufacturer of high quality motor oils and additives.

uF: A micro Farad. One millionth of a Farad.

VAC: Volts Alternating Current.

Vaporisation: The physical change of going from a solid or a liquid into a gaseous state.

Vaporizer: A device that adds water vapor to the air/fuel mixture of a vehicle's engine in order to boost its power, save gasoline and reduce harmful emissions.

VDC: Volts Direct Current.

Vested interest: Individuals or groups who stand to gain - usually financially - from some policy, often a public policy.

Voltage offset: Voltage added to the output signal of the oxygen sensor. The combined signal (with the offest) is fed back to the ECU.

Voltage: Measure of electrical tension or pressure. The unit is Volt, named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.

Water Gas, watergas, waterfuel: Yet more names for Brown's Gas.

Water: An oxide (chemical bond with oxygen) of hydrogen. One of the most abundant compounds on Earth. In its pure state such as distilled water, it does not conduct electricity; but with a little help from a catalyst can be be electrolyzed (separated) into hydrogen and oxygen.

Water4Gas: A combined technology to convert water to energy. Consists of a electrolyzer (or several electrolyzer cells) installed on board a vehicle or any other ICE (see def.), plus a set of fuel economy enhancers, fuel additives and other techniques.

Watt-hour: a unit of work. A simple multiplication of the number of Watt (which expresses how many electrons in a given unit of time) by the number of hours that this number of Watts is applied. Or, in the case of a battery, how many hours can the battery provide those Watts before it's depleted.

Watts: A unit of electrical power; not potential power (voltage) but actual work done. To find the “wattage” or in a simple word electrical Power, multiply Volts by Amps. Named after Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt.

WFC: Water Fuel Cell. Common name for electrolyzer.

Wind machines/turbines: Machines or devices powered by the wind which produce mechanical or electrical power. A popular renewable energy (see def.) because it can be utilized cheaply by anyone who lives in a windy area.

Xylene: Most will say it is a paint thinner. But FireNet International (UK) says it is actually part of gasoline: their glossary defines Xylene as “Dimethylbenzene. An aromatic compound having the formula C6H4(CH3)2. Xylene is a major component of gasoline.”

Zero Point Energy (ZPE): In physics, the zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system [the energy left in a system when the temperature is reduced to absolute zero (0 Kelvin -2730 Celsius)]. The concept of zero-point energy was proposed by Albert Einstein and Otto Stern in 1913, which they originally called "residual energy" or Nullpunktsenergie [German for Zero-point energy]. All quantum mechanical systems have a zero point energy. The term arises commonly in reference to the ground state of the quantum harmonic oscillator and its null oscillations. In quantum field theory, it is a synonym for the vacuum energy, an amount of energy associated with the vacuum of empty space. In cosmology, the vacuum energy is taken to be the origin of the cosmological constant. Because zero point energy is the lowest possible energy a system can have, this energy cannot be removed from the system. A related term is zero-point field, which is the lowest energy state of a field, i.e. its ground state, which is non zero. Despite the definition, the concept of zero-point energy, and the hint of a possibility of extracting “free energy” from the vacuum, has attracted the attention of many inventors. Numerous perpetual motion and other devices, often called free energy devices, exploiting the idea, have been proposed. As a result of this activity, and its intriguing theoretical explanation, it has taken on a life of its own in popular culture, appearing in science fiction books, games and movies.

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